ENVIRONMENT STRATEGY

1. Weightage given to Environment
2. How to Prepare
3. Biodiversity and Conservation
4. International and Indian laws/Bodies and Policies
5. Environmental Terminologies and issues related with pollution/water conservation etc
6. Current Environmental Issues
7. Sources to Prepare
8. Previous Years UPSC Questions and Solutions

With the change in format since 2011, UPSC is constantly giving more weightage to ‘Environment Section’. There can be various reasons to it from inclusion of Indian Forest Services (IFoS) to increasing worldwide environmental concern.

Weightage given since 2011:

The importance of Environment can be seen from the fact that it constitutes around 25-30 percent of the general studies, paper 1. Skip this at your own risk.

How to Prepare

There are many books and coaching notes in the market but seeing the dynamic and unpredictable nature of the subject, there is no concrete material available. Considering this many aspirants find it difficult to prepare and lose substantially in Prelims. It is very important to know the basics from the NCERT texts or any book, but is that sufficient?

In this article we are going to deal with following aspects without detailing the syllabus. Many aspirants start on a higher note but without knowing the need or essence, they get stuck in between and lose energy. This costs them severely and the vicious cycle of preparation goes on.

Let us address the issues going to be covered

What to read?

The most important aspect of preparation issources and resources that build your confidence as well as chances.
Basic texts like NCERT’s- Geography from 6th and 12th and Biology, 12th (Old and New)
You can also refer to ICSE books – Class 10th and 11th
The Hindu, Down to Earth and Science Reporter

Keep this in mind while preparing for Environment

A simple approach for environment related topics is a mix of static and dynamic portion.
Here we will not tell you to exhaustively cover everything on earth but to simply relate and learn in a smarter way.
While going through the article, you will know how to pick issues from newspapers and relate it to static portion.
It is to make your life easy. Make sure that your preparation is as easy as it could be. There is nothing to panic in life. At least environment section should not panic you after going through this.

How to pick issues?

It is explained later in this article.
The purpose of this article is to make you understand the diverse nature of this section and how it can be fine tuned with right approach.
We have not explained elaborately on what topics are important or what not (unlike the Core subjects like Polity, Geography, Economics, History) as this section needs a strategy different from the Core subjects. If we tell you to focus only on certain aspects, then you will be taken for a ride. So, what we have done is, we have chalked out a path, for you to make the right choices and cover this section smartly.

Note: In almost every book one can find the syllabus and aspects related to Environment. We will not indulge into it rather concentrate broadly on how to tackle the questions and chalk out relevant issues to be prepared.

Broadly UPCS questions are based on following front. We will take examples from previous year papers and then pick relevant issues from newspapers to understand the nuances of preparing ‘Environment’.

Topics range from:

General issues on Environmental Ecology– ecological terms like Ecotone, Ecological niche ecosystem, effects of environmental deterioration, how it affects human being. Food chain in the ecosystem.
Pollution – Acid rain, Photochemical smog, Green House Gases (GHG’s), Ozone hole, algal bloom.
Bio-diversity (which also overlaps with topics from Geography)- why biodiversity is important for human survival, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) – Red Data Book, Biodiversity Hotspots.
Conservation- Conservation of natural resources, National Parks, Wildlife conservations, Wetlands, Biosphere Reserves etc. – internationally recognized Wetlands and Biosphere Reserves of India.
Sustainable Development– renewable energy, Biotechnology (bio-fertilizers, bio-pesticides), Biomass gasification.
Ecologically sensitive areas – Western Ghats, Himalayas.
Climate Change – mitigation measures taken at national and international level (Kyoto protocol, Montreal protocol) recent climate change summits held, objectives of the summits.
Laws, Regulatory Bodies and Policies at national and international level: Environment Protection Act, Forest Right Act, National Biodiversity Authority, Protocols and Summits like Cartanega Protocol, Nagoya Protocol and Lima Conference etc.
Intergovernmental Organizations, Treaties and Conventions related to climate change, biodiversity- Ramsar Convention, Montreux Record, The three Rio Conventions—Convention on Biological Diversity(CoB), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification – from the 1992 Earth Summit) etc.
Organisations like UNEP, FAO, UNESCO etc.

Note: Google for the latest updates on the recent treaties and updates taken at the national and international level with regard to Climate Change, Conservation and Biodiversity

Use ‘Orient BlackSwan School Atlas’- Page No. 35 for finding the location of the Conservation sites, rivers flowing near-by, hills. Since, atleast 2 questions are frequently asked every year in the Prelims Exam.

Consider an example from 2014 question paper

Consider the following pairs1. Dampa Tiger Reserve : Mizoram

2. Gumti Wildlife Sanctuary : Sikkim

3. Saramati Peak : Nagaland

Which of the above pairs is /are correctly matched?

A. 1 only

B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

Solution: C

Environment 2

PDF

Biodiversity and Conservation

Focus

Concentrate on types of biodiversity
Methods to protect biodiversity in India
Causes of biodiversity loss- Climate change, invasive species, habitat change etc
Marine, Animal and Plant Biodiversity
Protection Networks- Wildlife Sanctuary, National Park and Bio-reserves
Biodiversity Hot Spots-India and World, criticism against hotspots
Bioprospecting and Biopiracy issues
International Conservation initiatives and India- Cartanega and Nagoya Protocol
Laws and Policies- India and World, Convention on Biodiversity, Aichi Targets,
Biodiversity Act, 2002.
Read Environment chapter of India Year Book

Few Examples from Previous Year Question Paper’s

The Himalayan Range is Very rich in species diversity. Which one among the following is the most appropriate reason for this phenomenon?(2011)

(a) It has a high rainfall that supports luxuriant vegetative growth

(b) It is a confluence of different bio-geographical zones

(d) It has less human interference

Solution (b)

Consider the following pairs (2013)1. Nokrek Bio-sphere Reserve : Garo Hills

2. Logtak (Loktak)Lake : Barail Range

3. NamdaphaNationalPark : Dafla Hills

Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(d) None

Solution (a)

Note: A factual question. Though it requires basic concepts but can you remember endless things from books? While going through newspapers try to find out any such news that fall under this domain and remember the locations or any relevant information as such.

We will explain with an example. Taken from The Hindu

Recently there were articles related to ‘Arctic Council’. You would have read about the issue. The most important and debated issue is of ‘Global Commons’. Unlike Antarctica, Arctic is not considered as Global Commons. Mainly the articles were inclined towards India getting an Observer Status. But Prelims related stuffs can be prepared because it falls under environment.

According to international laws, what constitutes “Global Commons”1. Outer Space

2. High Seas

3. Atmosphere

4. Antarctica

5. Arctic

6. Cyber Space

Choose the correct codes

(a) 1,2, 3 and 6

(b) 1, 2, 3 and 4

(c ) 1, 3, 4 and 5

(d) 1,2,3,4,5 and 6

Solution: B

Government of India encourages the cultivation of ‘sea buckthorn’. What is the importance of this plant? (2012)

1. It helps in controlling soil erosion and in preventing desertification.

2. It is a rich source of biodiesel.

3. It has nutritional value and is well-adapted to live in cold areas of high altitudes.

4. Its timber is of great commercial value.

Which of the statements given above is /are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Solution (c )

Note: The source of this question is ‘Nothing but newspaper’. That year (in 2012) ‘sea buckthorn’ was in news because of National Mission on Sea buckthorn and specific plant to a region (Leh-Ladhak) having immense medicinal properties.Let us consider this question from UPSC

Now let us consider a similar question from recent current affairs

Rhodiola has been a significant herb of research interests among the scientist all over the world. Consider the statements w.r.t Rhodiola1. It is approved by FDA to cure, treat or prevent disease

2. It has proved significance as anti-depressant

3. It has immunomodulatory, adaptogenic and radio-protecting abilities.

4. The leafy part can be used as vegetables

5. It is found in cold regions only

Which of the following statements is /are correct

(a) 1, 2,3 and 5

(b) 1, 3 and 4

(c ) 2,3,4 and 5

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: C

International and Indian laws/Bodies and Policies

Focus:

Concentrate on recent meetings and United Nations initiatives.
Indian policies in news like Environment Protection Act and Bodies/Committees under it like GEAC or Pollution Control Act-any changes or modifications therein. Additionally focus on recent issues related to any environmental bodies.
Terms like Kyoto mechanism, Emission Trading etc.
Carbon Trading and Leakage issues
Wetland conservation initiative- UPSC is asking too many questions from wetland from past two years.
Ramsar Convention, Montreux Record
The three Rio Conventions—Convention on Biological Diversity(CoB), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification – from the 1992 Earth Summit) etc. Note that these are for Sustainable Development
Organisations like UNEP, World Bank, FAO, UNESCO etc. and their environmental initiatives & reports. For example BioCarbon Fund Initiative of World Bank, IUCN by UNESCO, Global Environmental Facilities, Green Bonds & Green Climate Funds etc.

Example (2014 Prelims Questions Paper)

With reference to ‘Global Environment Facility’, which of the following statements is/are correct? 20141. It serves as financial mechanism for ‘Convention on Biological Diversity’ and ‘United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’.

2. It undertakes scientific research on environmental issues at global level

3. It is an agency under OECD to facilitate the transfer of technology and funds to underdeveloped countries with specific aim to protect their environment.

4. Both (a) and (b)

Answer: 1

Note: On the same line, here is a question from recent current affairs. Have a closer look.

With reference to’ Green Climate Fund’, which of the following statements is/are correct?(a) It will support projects, programmes, policies and other activities wrt climate change in all developing countries.

(b) Severely affected countries are eligible to receive resources from GCF

(A) a and b

(B) b and c

(D) None

Answer: None

Note: Compare the above questions, you will understand it’s essence and how the questions are framed. Still, if you have not understood, then let’s proceed further…

Check these questions from UPSC. All are more or less on similar lines. You just need to understand the theme on which they have been prepared and then base your preparation accordingly.

Consider the following kinds of organisms :(2012)1. Bat2. Bee

3. Bird

Which of the above is/are pollinating agent/agents?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution (d)

Consider the following: (2014)1. Bats2. Bears

3. Rodents

The phenomenon of hibernation can be observed in which of the above kinds of animals?

A. 1 and 2 only

B. 2 only

C. 1, 2 and 3

D. Hibernation cannot be observed in any of the above

Answer: C

Note: Now check this question from recent current affairs and articles

Which among the following are ‘Nocturnal’ in nature?1. Bat

2. Catfish

3. Kiwi

4. Koala

a) 1,2 and 3

(b) 1,3 and 4

(d) Only 1

Answer: C

Note: Have you prepared such questions from NCERT’s or any coaching material? If yes, well and good and if not, a big reason to introspect.

Let us see how UPSC frames questions on Policies and acts from this section

2014

1. Animal Welfare Board of India is established under the Environment(Protection) Act, 19862. National Tiger Conservation Authority is a statutory body.3. National Ganga River Basin Authority is chaired by the Prime Minister.

Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

a. 1 only

b. 2 and 3 only

c. 2 only

d. 1, 2 and 3

Solution: b

Note: There are numerous laws and policies. How to prepare all of them? You cannot do it for sure. But yes, you can prepare smartly from daily exercise. How?

Let us check from recent current affairs

Note: You will find several environmental acts in newspapers. Try to prepare like this.

Consider the statements with reference to ‘Central Pollution Control Board’1. It is a statutory organization

2. Constituted under Air(Prevention and control of Pollution)Act ,19743.

3. It is responsible for implementation of legislation relating to prevention and control of environmental pollution.

Correct statement is/are

(a) Only 1

(b) 1 and 2

(d) 1,2 and 3

Answer: 1 and 3

Environment 3

PDF

Environmental Terminologies and issues related with pollution/water conservation etc

Focus

Many questions from this section have appeared in UPSC prelims. For example Ecotone, Coral Reefs, Carbon Credits, Edge Species etc
Problems of Persistent Organic Pollutant
Acid rains- Content and impact
Ozone depletion- Atmospheric ozone
Global Dimming
Eutrophication- Water pollution
Diseases- Minamata and silicosis etc
Biomagnification, Bioaccumulation and Bio-concentration
Bioremediation
Issue of Oil Zappers

Let us check one such question asked in 2011

Regarding “carbon credits”, which one of the following statements is not correct?

(a) The carbon credit system was ratified in conjunction with the Kyoto Protocol

(b) Carbon credits are awarded to countries or groups that have reduced greenhouse gases below their emission quota

(d) Carbon credits are- traded at a price fixed from time to time by the United Nations Environment Programme

Solution (b)

Note: Now let us follow questions from recent current affairs and see whether we can form questions on such themes. These terms were in news for sometime

Consider the following with respect to ‘EDGE’ species.

1. These species have few close relatives and are often extremely distinct in the way they look, live and behave.

2. These unique species are also on the verge of extinction, and if they disappear there will be nothing like them left on the planet.

Select the incorrect option

(a) Only 1

(b) Only 2

(d) None

Answer: None

Current Environmental Issues

Focus:

Indoor Air pollution- Air Quality Control
Land Degradation and Land use
Formation of Ground Level Ozone
Bharat Stage Mission
National Water Policy
Solid Waste Management
Use of Plastics
Marine Pollution and impact on Coral reefs and Lagoons
Polar Amplification
Ocean Acidification and impact
Water and Carbon Footprints
Ecological Debts
Organic Farming and Vermi-compost etc

Let us check some questions based on current events.

Consider the statements with reference to ‘Blue Carbon’

(a) It is carbon stored in coastal, terrestrial and marine ecosystem

(b) The Blue Carbon Initiative currently focuses on carbon in coastal and terrestrial ecosystems – mangroves, tidal marshes, sea grasses and forests

(c) The rates of blue carbon sequestration and storage capacities in ecosystems are comparable to (and often higher than) those in carbon-rich terrestrial ecosystems such as tropical rainforests and peatlands.

Correct code/s

(a) Only 1

(b) Only 3

(d) 1,2 and 3

Answer: b

Note: Be attentive to read about any controversial issue. For example, all of you must be aware about ‘Mid Day Meal’ Mishap. Now see the question that can be part of environment

Consider the statements with respect to ‘Monocrotophos’ believed to be a cause of mid day meal mishap.

(a) It is non biodegradable pesticide

(b) It has high environmental persistence and make the soil toxic

(a) Only 1

(b) 2 and 3

(d) None

Answer: None

Monocrotophos is principally used in agriculture, as a relatively cheap pesticide. However, it is also used frequently used as a tool to commit suicide. It is acutely toxic to birds and humans. Being also a persistent organic pollutant, it has been banned in the U.S. and many other countries.

Source to Prepare:

We will never guide you or make you restrict your choices. There are people who qualify without even reading NCERT’s or any most followed resources.
The key to their success is smart study. They spend more time in chalking out what not to study than what to study.
If they follow one resource, they keep on revising from the same along with complementing it with dynamic updates.
If you trust your resource, please stick to it. Never rush to fascinating books or suggested resources that are never ending. You are bound to fall. Because you are running behind them.
STATIC: Basic source or say, best source is NCERT- Geography-Class 6th to 12th and Biology-Class 11thand 12th (Old and New)- A must read and ICSE books – Class 9th, 10th, 11th
Indian Year Book-Environment and Geography Chapters
DYNAMIC: The Hindu and Down to Earth

ENVIRONMENT

2011 UPSC Prelims Questions and Solutions

Biodiversity forms the basis for human existence in the following ways : (2011)

Soil formation
Prevention of soil erosion
Recycling of waste
Pollination of crops

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a.) 1, 2 and 3 only

(b.) 2, 3 and 4 only

(c.) 1 and 4 only

(d.) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Solution (d)

Which one of the following is not a site for in-situ method of conservation of flora? (2011)

(a.) Biosphere Reserve

(b.) Botanical Garden

(c.) National Park

(d.) Wildlife Sanctuary

Solution (b)

Consider the following statements: (2011)

Biodiversity is normally greater in the lower latitudes as compared to the higher latitudes.

Along the mountain gradients, biodiversity is normally greater in the lower altitudes as compared to the higher altitudes.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a.) 1 only

(b.) 2 only

(c.) Both 1 and 2

(d.) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution (c)

Three of the following criteria have contributed to the recognition of Western Ghats-Sri Lanka and Indo-Burma regions as hotspots of biodiversity: (2011)

Species richness
Vegetation density
Endemism
Ethno-botanical importance
Threat perception
Adaptation of flora and fauna to warm and humid conditions

Which three of the above are correct criteria in this context?

(a.) 1, 2 and 6

(b.) 2, 4 and 6

(c.) 1, 3 and 5

(d.) 3, 4 and 6

Solution (c)

Two important rivers — one with its source in Jharkhand (and known by a different name in Odisha), and another, with its source in Odisha — merge at a place only a short distance from the coast of Bay of Bengal before flowing into the sea. This is an important site of wildlife and biodiversity and a protected area.

Which one of the following could be this?(2011)

(a.) Bhitarkanika

(b.) Chandipur-on-sea

(c.) Gopalpur-on-sea

(d.) Simlipal

Solution (a)

A sandy and saline area is the natural habitat of an Indian animal species. The animal has no predators in that area but its existence is threatened due to the destruction of its habitat. Which one of the following could be that animal? (2011)

(a.) Indian wild buffalo

(b.) Indian wild ass

(c.) Indian wild boar

(d.) Indian gazelle

Solution (b)

The Himalayan Range is Very rich in species diversity. Which one among the following is the most appropriate reason for this phenomenon?(2011)

(a.) It has a high rainfall that supports luxuriant vegetative growth

(b.) It is a confluence of different bio-geographical zones

(c.) Exotic and invasive species have not been introduced in this region

(d.) It has less human interference

Solution (b)

In the Union Budget 2011-12, a full exemption from the basic customs duty was extended to the bio-based asphalt (bioasphalt). What is the importance of this material?(2011)

Unlike traditional asphalt, bio-asphalt is not based on fossil fuels.
Bioasphalt can be made from non-renewable resources.
Bioasphalt can be made from organic waste materials.
It is eco-friendly to use bioasphalt for surfacing of the roads.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a.) 1, 2 and 3 only

(b.) 1, 3 and 4 only

(c.) 2 and 4 only

(d.) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Solution (b)

Consider the following: (2011)

Carbon dioxide
Oxides of Nitrogen
Oxides of Sulphur

Which of the above is/are the emission/ emissions from coal combustion at thermal power plants?

(a.) 1 only

(b.) 2 and 3 only

(c.) 1 and 3 only

(d.) 1, 2 and 3

Solution (d)

The formation of ozone hole in the Antarctic region has been a cause of concern. What could be the reason for the formation of this hole? (2011)

(a.) Presence of prominent tropo-spheric turbulence; and inflow of chlorofluorocarbons

(b.) Presence of prominent polar front and stratospheric’ clouds; and inflow of chlorofluorocarbons

(c.) Absence of polar front and stratospheric clouds; and inflow of methane and chlorofluorocarbons

(d.) Increased temperature at polar region due to global warming

Solution (b)

Regarding “carbon, credits”, which one of the following statements is not correct? (2011)

(a.) The carbon credit system was ratified in conjunction with the Kyoto Protocol

(b.) Carbon credits are awarded to countries or groups that have reduced greenhouse gases below their emission quota

(c.) The goal of the carbon credit system is to limit the increase of carbon dioxide emission

(d.) Carbon credits are- traded at a price fixed from time to time by the United Nations Environment Programme

Solution (b)

There is a concern: over the increase in harmful algal blooms in the seawaters of India. What could be the causative factors for this phenomenon? (2011)

Discharge of nutrients from the estuaries.
Run-off from the land during the monsoon.
Upwelling in the seas.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

(a.) 1 only

(b.) 1 and 2 only

(c.) 2 and 3 only

(d.) 1, 2 and 3

Solution (d)

The “Red Data Books” published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) contain lists of: (2011)

Endemic plant and animal species present in the biodiversity hotspots,
Threatened plant and animal species.
Protected sites for conservation of nature and natural resources in various countries.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a.) 1 and 3

(b.) 2 only

(c.) 2 and 3

(d.) 3 only

Solution (b)

Human activities in the recent past have Caused the increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, but a lot of it does not remain in the lower atmosphere because of : (2011)

its escape into the outer stratosphere.
the photosynthesis by phyto-plankton in the oceans.
the trapping of air in the polar ice caps.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a.) 1 and 2

(b.) 2 only

(c.) 2 and 3

(d.) 3 only

Solution (c)

In the context of ecosystem productivity, marine upwelling zones are important as they increase the marine productivity by bringing the: (2011)

decomposer microorganisms to the surface.
nutrients to the surface.
bottom-dwelling organisms to- the surface.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a.) 1 and 2

(b.) 2 only

(c.) 2 and 3

(d.) 3 only

Solution (b)

With reference to India, consider the following Central Acts: (2011)

Import and Export (Control) Act, 1947
Mining and Mineral Development (Regulation) Act, 1957
Customs Act, 1962
Indian Forest Act, 1927

Which of the above Acts have relevance to/bearing on the biodiversity conservation in the country?

(a.) 1 and 3 only

(b.) 2, 3 and 4 only

(c.) 1, 2, 3 and 4

(d.) None of the above Acts

Solution (c)

2012 UPSC Prelims Questions and Solutions

Consider the following kinds of organisms : (2012)

Bacteria
Fungi
Flowering plants

Some species of which of the above kinds of organisms are employed as biopesticides?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution (d)

Biomass gasification is considered to be one of the sustainable solutions to the power crisis in India. In this context, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2012)

Coconut shells, groundnut shells and rice husk can be used in biomass gasification.
The combustible gases generated from biomass gasification consist of hydrogen and carbon dioxide only.
The combustible gases generated from biomass gasification can be used for direct heat generation but not in internal combustion engines.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below :

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution (a)

Consider the following areas:(2012)

Bandipur
Bhitarkanika
Manas
Sunderbans

Which of the above are Tiger Reserves?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 1, 3 and 4 only

(d) l, 2, 3 and 4

Solution (b)

In which one among the following categories of protected areas in India are local people not allowed to collect and use the biomass?(2012)

(a) Biosphere Reserves

(b) National Parks

(d) Wildlife Sanctuaries

Solution (b)

Consider the following kinds of organisms :(2012)

Bat
Bee
Bird

Which of the above is/are pollinating agent/agents?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution (d)

Which one of the following groups of animals belongs to the category of endangered species?(2012)

(a) Great Indian Bustard, Musk Deer, Red Panda and Asiatic Wild Ass

(b) Kashmir Stag, Cheetal, Blue Bull and Great Indian Bustard

(d) Lion-tailed Macaque, Blue Bull, Hanuman Langur and Cheetal

Solution (a)

Which of the following can be threats to the biodiversity of a geographical area?(2012)

Global warming
Fragmentation of habitat
Invasion of alien species
Promotion of vegetarianism

Select the correct answer using the codes given below :

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Solution (a)

Consider the following : (2012)

Black-necked crane
Cheetah
Flying squirrel
Snow leopard

Which of the above are naturally found in India?

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only

(b) 1, 3 and 4 only

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Solution (b)

A particular State in India has the following characteristics :(2012)

It is located on the same latitude which passes through northern Rajasthan.
It has over 80% of its area under forest cover.
Over 12% of forest cover constitutes Protected Area Network in this State.

Which one among the following States has all the above characteristics?

(a) Arunachal Pradesh

(b) Assam

(d) Uttarakhand

Solution (a)

With reference to the wetlands of India, consider the following statements :(2012)

The country’s total geographical area under the category of wetlands is recorded more in Gujarat as compared to other States.
In India, the total geographical area of coastal wetlands larger than that of wetlands.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution (a)

The acidification of oceans is increasing. Why is this phenomenon a cause of concern? (2012)

The growth and survival of calcareous phytoplankton will be adversely affected.
The growth and survival of coral reefs will be adversely affected.
The survival of some animals that have phytoplanktonic larvae will be adversely affected.
The cloud seeding and formation of clouds will be adversely affected.

Which of the statements given above is /are correct?

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only

(b) 2 only

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Solution (a)

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment describes the following major categories of ecosystem services-provisioning, supporting, regulating, preserving and cultural. Which one of the following is supporting service? (2012)

(a) Production of food and water

(b) Control of climate and disease

(d) Maintenance of diversity

Solution (d)

What would happen if phytoplankton of an ocean is completely destroyed for some reason? (2012)

The ocean as a carbon sink would be adversely affected.
The food chains in the ocean would be adversely affected.
The density of ocean water would drastically decrease.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below :

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution (d)

What is the role of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the water purification systems? (2012)

It inactivates /kills the harmful microorganisms in water.
It removes all the undesirable odours from the water.
It quickens the sedimentation of solid particles, removes turbidity and improves the clarity of water.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution (a)

Consider the following statements : Chlorofluorocarbons, known as ozone-depleting substances, are used (2012)

in the production of plastic foams
in the production of tubeless tyres
in cleaning certain electronic components
as pressurizing agents in aerosol cans

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only

(b) 4 only

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Solution (c)

Government of India encourages the cultivation of ‘sea buckthorn’. What is the importance of this plant? (2012)

It helps in controlling soil erosion and in preventing desertification.
It is a rich source of biodiesel.
It has nutritional value and is well-adapted to live in cold areas of high altitudes.
Its timber is of great commercial value.

Which of the statements given above is /are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Solution (c)

2013 UPSC Prelims Questions and Solutions

Which of the following can be found as pollutants in the drinking water in some parts of India? (2013)

Arsenic
Sorbitol
Fluoride
Formaldehyde
Uranium

Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

(a) 1 and 3 only

(b) 2, 4 and 5 only

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Solution (c)

In the grasslands, trees do not replace the grasses as a part of an ecological succession because of : (2013)

(a) insects and fungi

(b) limited sunlight and paucity of nutrients

(d) None of the above

Solution (c)

Which one of the following is the correct sequence of ecosystems in the order of decreasing productivity? (2013)

(a) Oceans, lakes, grasslands, mangroves

(b) Mangroves, oceans, grasslands, lakes

(d) Oceans, mangroves, lakes, grasslands

Solution

Acid rain is caused by the pollution of environment by (2013)

(a) carbon dioxide and nitrogen

(b) carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide

(d) nitrous oxide and sulphur dioxide

Solution (d)

With reference to food chains in ecosystems, consider the following statements : (2013)

A food chain illustrates the order in which a chain of organisms feed upon each other.
Food chains are found within the populations of a species.
A food chain illustrates the numbers of each organism which are eaten by others.

Which of the statements given above is / are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 1 and 2 only

(d) None

Solution (a)

Consider the following organisms: (2013)

Agaricus
Nostoc
Spirogyra

Which of the above is / are used as biofertilizer / biofertilizers

(a) 1 and 2

(b) 2 only

(e) 2 and 3

(d) 3 only

Solution (b)

Which one of the following terms describes not only the physical space occupied by an organism, but also its functional role in the community of organisms? (2013)

(a) Ecotone

(b) Ecological niche

(d) Home range

Solution (b)

Photochemical smog is a resultant of the reaction among: (2013)

(a) NO2, 03 and peroxyacetyl nitrate in the presence of sunlight

(b) CO, 02 and peroxyacetyl nitrate in the presence of sunlight

(d) High concentration of N02, O3 and CO in the evening

Solution (a)

With reference to the food chains in ecosystems, which of the following kinds of organism is / are known as decomposer organism/organisms? (2013)

Virus
Fungi
Bacteria

Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution (b)

2014 UPSC Prelims Questions and Solutions

Which one of the following is the process involved in photosynthesis?

Potential energy is released to form free energy
Free energy is converted into potential energy and stored
Food is oxidized to release carbon dioxide and water
Oxygen is taken, and carbon dioxide and water vapour are given out

Solution (b)

Which of the following adds/add carbon dioxide to the carbon cycle on the planet Earth?

Volcanic action
Respiration
Photosynthesis
Decay of organic matter

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1 and 3 only
2 only
1, 2 and 4 only
1, 2, 3 and 4

Solution (c)

In India, the problem of soil erosion is associated with which of the following?

Terrace cultivation
Deforestation
Tropical climate

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1 and 2 only
2 only
1 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3

Solution (b)

Lichens, which are capable of initiating ecological succession even on a bare rock, are actually a symbiotic association of

algae and bacteria
algae and fungi
bacteria and fungi
fungi and mosses

Solution (b)

The most important strategy for the conservation of biodiversity together with traditional human life is the establishment of

biosphere reserves
botanical gardens
national parks
wildlife sanctuaries

Solution (a)

With reference to ‘Eco-Sensitive Zones’, which of the following statements is/are correct?

Eco-Sensitive Zones are the areas that are declared under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
The purpose of the declaration of Eco-Sensitive Zones is to prohibit all kinds of human activities, in those zones except agriculture.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1 only
2 only
Both 1 and 2
Neither 1 nor 2

Solution (d)

Consider the following pairs

Dampa Tiger Reserve : Mizoram
Gumti Wildlife Sanctuary : Sikkim
Saramati Peak : Nagaland

Which of the above pairs is /are correctly matched?

1 only
2 and 3 only
1 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3

Solution (c)

Wetland locations

Wetlands Confluence of rivers

Harike wetland Beas and Satluj
Keolado Ganga National Park Banas and Chambal
Kolleru Lake Musi and Krishna

Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?

1 only
2 and 3 only
1 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3

Solution (a)

Which of the following have coral reefs?

Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Gulf of Kutch
Gulf of Mannar
Sunderbans

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1, 2 and 3 only
2 and 4 only
1 and 3 only
1, 2, 3 and 4

Solution (a)

Consider the following:

Bats
Bears
Rodents

The phenomenon of hibernation can be observed in which of the above kinds of animals?

1 and 2 only
2 only
1, 2 and 3
Hibernation cannot be observed in any of the above

Solution (c)

Among the following organisms, which one does not belong to the class of other three?

Crab
Mite
Scorpion
Spider

Solution (a)

Which one of the following is the correct sequence of a food chain?

Diatoms-Crustaceans-Herrings
Crustaceans-Diatoms-Herrings
Diatoms-Herrings-Crustaceans
Crustaceans-Herrings-Diatoms

Solution (a)

If you travel through the Himalayas, you are Likely to see which of the following plants naturally growing there?

Oak
Rhododendron
Sandalwood

Select the correct answer using the code given below

1 and 2 only
3 only
1 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3

Solution (a)

If you walk through countryside, you are likely to see some birds stalking alongside the cattle to seize the insects, disturbed by their movement through grasses, Which of the following is/are such bird/birds?

Painted Stork
Common Myna
Black-necked Crane

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1 and 2
2 only
2 and 3
3 only

Solution (b)

Other than poaching, what are the possible reasons for the decline in the population of Ganges River Dolphins?

Construction of dams and barrages on rivers
Increase in the population of crocodiles in rivers
Getting trapped in fishing nets accidentally
Use of synthetic fertilizers and other agricultural chemicals in crop-fields in the vicinity of rivers

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1 and 2 only
2 and 3 only
1, 3 and 4 only
1, 2, 3 and 4

Solution (c)

With reference to two non-conventional energy sources called ‘coal bed methane’ and ‘shale gas’, consider the following ‘statements:

Coal bed methane is the pure methane gas extracted from coal seams, while shale gas is a mixture of propane and butane only that can be extracted from fine-grained sedimentary rocks.
In India abundant coal bed methane sources exist, but so far no shale gas sources have been found.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1 only
2 only
Both 1 and 2
Neither 1 nor 2

Solution (d)

In India, cluster bean (Guar) is traditionally used as a vegetable or animal feed, but recently the cultivation of this has assumed significance. Which one of the following statements is correct in this context?

The oil extracted from seeds is used in the manufacture of biodegradable plastics
The gum made from its seeds is used in the extraction of shale gas
The leaf extract of this plant has the properties of anti-histamines
It is a source of high quality biodiesel

Solution (b)

With reference to technologies for solar power production, consider the following statements:

‘Photovoltaics’ is a technology that generates electricity by direct conversion of light into electricity, while ‘Solar Thermal’ is a technology that utilizes the Sun’s rays to generate heat which is further used in electricity generation process.
Photovoltaics generates Alternating Current (AC), while Solar Thermal generates Direct Current (DC).
India has manufacturing base for Solar Thermal technology, but not for Photovoltaics.

Which of the statements given above is / are correct?

1 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3
None

Solution (a)

There is some concern regarding the nanoparticles of some chemical elements that are used by the industry in the manufacture of various products. Why?

They can accumulate in the environment, and contaminate water and soil.
They can enter the food chains.
They can trigger the production of free radicals.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1 and 2 only
3 only
1 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3

Solution (d)

Which of the following are some important pollutants released by steel industry in India?

Oxides of sulphur
Oxides of nitrogen
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1, 3 and 4 only
2 and 3 only
1 and 4 only
1,2, 3 and 4

Solution (d)

Brominated flame retardants are used in many household products like mattresses and upholstery. Why is there some concern about their use?

They are highly resistant to degradation in the environment.
They are able to accumulate in humans and animals.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1 only
2 only
Both 1 and 2
Neither 1 nor 2

Solution (c)

Consider the following countries:

Denmark
Japan
Russian Federation
United Kingdom
United States of America

Which of the above are the members of the ‘Arctic Council ‘?

1, 2 and 3
2, 3 and 4
1, 4 and 5
1, 3 and 5

Solution (d)

With reference to ‘Global Environment Facility’, which of the following statements is/are correct?

It serves as financial mechanism for ‘Convention on Biological Diversity’ and ‘United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’.
It undertakes scientific research on environmental issues at global level
It is an agency under OECD to facilitate the transfer of technology and funds to underdeveloped countries with specific aim to protect their environment.
Both (a) and (b)

Solution (a)

If a wetland of international importance is brought under the ‘Montreux Record’, what does it imply?

Changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring or are likely to occur in the wetland as a result of human interference.
The country in which the wetland is located should enact a law to prohibit any human activity within five kilo meters from the edge of the wetland
The survival of the wetland depends on the cultural practices and traditions of certain communities living in its vicinity and therefore the cultural diversity therein should not be destroyed
It is given the status of ‘World Heritage Site’

Solution (a)

With reference to a conservation organization called Wetlands International’, which of the following statements is/are correct?

It is an intergovernmental organization formed by the countries which are signatories to Ramsar Convention.
It works at the field level to develop and mobilize knowledge, and use the practical experience to advocate for better policies.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1 only
2 only
Both 1 and 2
Neither 1 nor 2

Solution (b)

Consider the following international agreements:

The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
The World Heritage Convention

Which of the above has / have a bearing on the biodiversity?

1 and 2 only
3 only,
1 and 3 only
1, 2. and 3

Solution (d)

The scientific view is that the increase in global temperature should not exceed 2 °C above pre-industrial level. If the global temperature increases beyond 3°C above the pre-industrial level, what can be its possible impact/impacts on the world?

Terrestrial biosphere tends toward a net carbon source
Widespread coral mortality will occur.
All the global wetlands will permanently disappear.
Cultivation of cereals will not be possible anywhere in the world.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1 only
1 and 2 only
2, 3 and 4 only
1, 2, 3 and 4,

Solution (b)

Consider the following statements:

Animal Welfare Board of India is established under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
National Tiger Conservation Authority is a statutory body.
National Ganga River Basin Authority is chaired by the Prime Minister.

Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

1 only
2 and 3 only
2 only
1, 2 and 3

Solution (b)

With reference to Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), consider the following statements

It is an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Environment and Forests.
It strives to conserve nature through action-based research, education and public awareness.
It organizes and conducts nature trails and camps for the general public.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1 and 3 only
2 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3

Solution (c)

Consider the following statements regarding ‘Earth Hour’

It is an initiative of UNEP and UNESCO.
It is a movement in which the participants switch off the lights for one hour on a certain day every year.
It is a movement to raise the awareness about the climate change and the need to save the planet.

Which of the statements given above is / are correct?

1 and 3 only
2 only
2 and 3 only.
1, 2 and 3

Solution (c)

Every year, a month long ecologically important campaign/festival is held during which certain communities/ tribes plant saplings of fruit-bearing trees. Which of the following are such communities/tribes?

Bhutia and Lepcha
Gond and Korku
lrula and Toda
Sahariya and Agariya

Solution (b)

INFOLAB

Tuesday, June 7, 2016

ENVIRONMENT STRATEGY

ENVIRONMENT STRATEGY

Weightage given since 2011:

How to Prepare

What to read?

Keep this in mind while preparing for Environment

How to pick issues?

Topics range from:

Environment 2

Biodiversity and Conservation

International and Indian laws/Bodies and Policies

Focus:

Let us see how UPSC frames questions on Policies and acts from this section

Environment 3

Environmental Terminologies and issues related with pollution/water conservation etc

Current Environmental Issues

Focus:

Source to Prepare:

2011 UPSC Prelims Questions and Solutions

2012 UPSC Prelims Questions and Solutions

2013 UPSC Prelims Questions and Solutions

2014 UPSC Prelims Questions and Solutions

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